Many Gulf War illnesses may be autoimmune disorders caused by the chemical and biological stressors pyridostigmine bromide, and adrenaline.

Gulf War-related illnesses are mostly common ailments, but with incidence rates that exceed those expected in the population of Gulf War veterans. These illnesses may be the result of combinations of chemical and physiological stressors which may have caused acute cellular effects sufficient to initiate processes of autoimmunity to various organs, tissues or types of cells. Two main suspects in the Gulf War cluster of illnesses are the 'Nerve Gas Pill' (pyridostigmine bromide, PB, NAPS) and stress. One component of stress, beta-adrenergic load, potentiates the toxicity of PB. While similar types of chemical and physiological stressors are present in the general population, the Gulf War veteran population received these stressors in a short time, with greater intensity, and at a higher percentage exposure than normal for the general population. This may be an opportunity to learn the cause, how to prevent, and, possibly, how to treat these ailments in Gulf War veterans and in the general population.